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  • Radon Laws in Kentucky: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in Kentucky: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    Kentucky regulates radon through mandatory professional credentialing and codified real estate disclosure. Under Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) §§ 211.9101 through 211.9135, all individuals and businesses providing radon measurement, mitigation, or laboratory services for fee must be officially registered and licensed with the Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services (CHFS). Residential home sellers are required under KRS § 324.360 to disclose known radon test records and mitigation equipment using a standardized condition disclosure form that contains statutory health warnings. Due to extensive karst limestone topography, elevated indoor radon levels are widespread across central and western Kentucky.

    Testing Requirements

    Indoor radon testing is voluntary for private single-family homeowners and residential landlords in Kentucky. State law does not require existing residential properties to undergo mandatory testing prior to lease execution or occupancy. In addition, Kentucky does not currently mandate radon testing in public or private school buildings or commercial child care facilities by statute, although the Kentucky Department for Public Health (KDPH) strongly recommends that school districts and daycare centers conduct routine baseline screening using licensed measurement specialists adhering to ANSI/AARST standards.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Property transaction disclosures are governed by KRS § 324.360 and Kentucky Real Estate Commission (KREC) administrative regulations (201 KAR 11:121). In residential transactions involving licensed real estate licensees, the seller must complete the Seller’s Disclosure of Property Condition form prior to contract acceptance. The form mandates that sellers disclose any prior radon testing conducted on the premises, provide historical test scores, and state whether an active or passive radon mitigation system is installed. The KREC disclosure form explicitly incorporates mandatory statutory warning text advising prospective purchasers that radon is a radioactive gas presenting lung cancer risks and recommending independent professional testing.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Professional licensing is mandatory in Kentucky under KRS §§ 211.9101 to 211.9135 and administrative regulation 902 KAR 95:040. Anyone offering radon measurement, mitigation, or laboratory analysis for compensation must be registered biennially with the Cabinet for Health and Family Services. To qualify for state registration, individuals must hold current national proficiency certification from either the National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP) or the National Radon Safety Board (NRSB), adhere to ANSI/AARST standard operating procedures, maintain liability insurance, and submit mandatory semi-annual activity reports to the state radon coordinator.

    New Construction

    Kentucky has not enacted a blanket statewide mandate requiring Radon-Resistant New Construction (RRNC) in all new residential buildings. The Kentucky Residential Code (KRC), based on the International Residential Code, includes Appendix F (Radon Control Methods), but adoption is largely left to local building code enforcement departments or voluntary implementation by builders. However, in regions with intense karst development (such as the Bluegrass and Pennyroyal regions), many local planning commissions and progressive homebuilders voluntarily incorporate passive sub-slab suction systems during initial foundation pours.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    The EPA Map of Radon Zones classifies much of Kentucky—including the central Bluegrass region (Fayette County/Lexington), north-central counties (Jefferson County/Louisville), and south-central karst basins (Warren County/Bowling Green)—as EPA Zone 1 (High Potential), where indoor levels frequently exceed the federal action level of 4.0 pCi/L. Eastern Appalachian counties and western coalfield basins are primarily designated as Zone 2 (Moderate Potential, 2.0 to 4.0 pCi/L). KDPH adopts the EPA action level of 4.0 pCi/L, strongly urging mitigation for test results at or above this threshold. For complete geological zone details, explore our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The official state regulatory and educational authority is the Kentucky Department for Public Health Radon Program, housed within the Radiation, Food and Safety Branch of the Cabinet for Health and Family Services. KDPH maintains the official statewide registry of registered measurement and mitigation contractors, tracks regional screening data, and coordinates with local health departments to distribute free or discounted short-term test kits to Kentucky residents. Homeowners and industry professionals can verify credentials and access test kits via the official CHFS Radon Program website or by contacting program staff at 502-564-4856.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory summary is published for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, building code, or engineering guidance. Statutory licensing rules and real estate disclosure requirements are subject to regulatory updates. Real estate buyers, sellers, landlords, and contractors should verify current rules directly with the Kentucky Department for Public Health or qualified legal counsel.

    Official Sources: Kentucky Revised Statutes §§ 211.9101–211.9135, § 324.360; 902 KAR 95:040; 201 KAR 11:121; Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    To see how Kentucky’s registration rules compare across the nation, visit our master guide to radon regulations across the United States or inspect the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in Ohio: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in Ohio: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    Ohio enforces a rigorous statutory framework governing radon, featuring mandatory state licensing for all commercial radon professionals and codified residential real estate disclosure. Under Ohio Revised Code (ORC) Chapter 3723, any individual or company performing radon testing, mitigation, or laboratory analysis for compensation must hold an active state license issued by the Ohio Department of Health (ODH). Residential property sellers must disclose known radon hazards under ORC § 5302.30, and contractors who conduct testing and subsequent mitigation on the same building are bound by strict dual-involvement consumer protection disclosures. Furthermore, Ohio’s residential building code mandates passive radon-resistant construction in designated high-risk counties.

    Testing Requirements

    Radon testing is voluntary for private single-family homeowners and residential landlords under Ohio law; the state does not compel property owners to test existing private dwellings. Similarly, Ohio statutes do not impose a universal mandatory testing requirement on public or private K-12 schools, although the Ohio Department of Health actively encourages local school districts to conduct voluntary testing using certified professionals. When testing is performed in commercial transactions or institutional facilities, it must be conducted by an ODH-licensed radon tester or specialist adhering to Ohio Administrative Code (OAC) Chapter 3701-69.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Real estate disclosure is governed under Ohio Revised Code § 5302.30 and the Ohio Department of Commerce Residential Property Disclosure Form. Sellers of residential real property (1 to 4 dwelling units) must complete and deliver the disclosure form to prospective purchasers prior to signing a binding purchase contract. Section E of the statutory form specifically requires the seller to disclose actual knowledge of environmental hazards, including radon gas, past testing reports, and the presence of any active or passive radon mitigation systems. In addition, under ORC § 3723.06, if a licensed professional provides testing or advice and subsequently contracts to perform mitigation on the same property, the mitigation agreement must include a conspicuous written disclosure warning the consumer of this dual role and highlighting the benefits of second opinions and long-term confirmation tests.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Commercial licensing is strictly mandatory in Ohio under ORC Chapter 3723 and OAC Chapter 3701-69. It is unlawful for any person to perform radon testing, offer mitigation services, or operate a radon laboratory for compensation without an active license from the Ohio Department of Health. ODH establishes four distinct license categories: Radon Tester, Radon Mitigation Specialist, Radon Mitigation Contractor, and Radon Laboratory. Applicants must complete approved training courses, pass a national certification examination administered by the NRPP or NRSB, submit comprehensive quality assurance plans, and maintain required commercial liability insurance. Unlicensed practice constitutes a criminal misdemeanor under ORC § 3723.99.

    New Construction

    Radon-resistant new construction is regulated under the Residential Code of Ohio (RCO), administered by the Ohio Board of Building Standards. RCO Appendix F (Radon Control Methods) mandates passive radon control systems—including sub-slab aggregate, 6-mil polyethylene soil-gas retarders, and routed vertical PVC vent pipes—in all new residential dwellings constructed in designated EPA Zone 1 counties. Builders in Zone 1 jurisdictions must install these passive measures during initial framing, providing homeowners with a ready pathway for fan activation if post-occupancy testing reveals elevated concentrations.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    The EPA Map of Radon Zones designates Ohio with extensive EPA Zone 1 (High Potential) coverage across central, southwestern, and northeastern counties—including Franklin (Columbus), Hamilton (Cincinnati), Montgomery (Dayton), and Stark counties—where predicted average screening levels exceed 4.0 pCi/L. Remaining northwestern and southeastern counties fall within Zone 2 (Moderate Potential, 2.0 to 4.0 pCi/L). ODH adopts the national EPA action level of 4.0 pCi/L, advising immediate active mitigation for readings at or above 4.0 pCi/L and recommending mitigation consideration between 2.0 and 4.0 pCi/L. For detailed regional analysis, review our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state regulatory and educational body is the Ohio Department of Health Radon Education and Licensing Program, operating within the Bureau of Environmental Health and Radiation Protection. The program administers professional licensing, conducts field enforcement audits, manages the public registry of licensed contractors, and coordinates public education. Ohio homeowners can order discounted test kits and verify contractor credentials through the official ODH Radon Program website or by calling the licensing bureau at 614-644-2727.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory guide is provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, architectural, or professional engineering advice. Statutory licensing requirements, real estate disclosure mandates, and building codes vary by jurisdiction and are subject to regulatory updates. Real estate buyers, sellers, landlords, and contractors should verify current rules directly with the Ohio Department of Health or legal counsel.

    Official Sources: Ohio Revised Code Chapter 3723, § 5302.30; Ohio Administrative Code Chapter 3701-69; Residential Code of Ohio Appendix F; Ohio Department of Health; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    To evaluate how Ohio compares with other state regulatory models, consult our nationwide guide to radon regulations across the United States or review the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in North Dakota: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in North Dakota: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    North Dakota regulates radon primarily through real estate transaction transparency and environmental public health education rather than direct state contractor licensing. Under North Dakota Century Code § 47-10-02.2, residential real estate sellers must provide written disclosures detailing any known radon concentrations, prior test reports, and existing mitigation systems before signing a purchase agreement. The state does not operate an independent licensing program for radon mitigators or testing specialists, officially directing consumers to nationally certified professionals. Geologically, North Dakota faces exceptionally high radon potential, with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classifying all 53 counties as EPA Zone 1.

    Testing Requirements

    Radon testing is voluntary for private residential homeowners and landlords in North Dakota; the state imposes no statutory mandate requiring testing in existing single-family dwellings or private rental properties. Similarly, North Dakota law does not mandate routine radon testing in public or private K-12 school buildings or licensed commercial childcare facilities. However, the North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality (NDDEQ) strongly encourages testing across all residential buildings, noting that elevated indoor levels are widespread throughout the state due to glacial till deposits containing radium and uranium.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Real estate disclosure is codified under North Dakota Century Code (N.D.C.C.) § 47-10-02.2. Before completing a binding purchase agreement for residential real property, the seller must deliver a written disclosure statement disclosing whether the property has ever been tested for radon gas and the specific results of any such tests. Furthermore, if a radon mitigation system or soil-gas depressurization equipment has been installed on the premises, the seller must disclose its operational status and provide copies of any available inspection records. While the statute requires truthful disclosure of known conditions, it does not compel sellers to conduct new testing prior to closing, leaving testing contingencies to contract negotiations.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    North Dakota has no state licensing requirement for radon measurement technicians or mitigation contractors, per the North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality, verified November 2026. The state maintains no state-administered regulatory board or credentialing registry for radon professionals. Instead, the NDDEQ officially directs homeowners, builders, and real estate professionals to hire contractors certified through the two national proficiency programs recognized by the EPA: the National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP) and the National Radon Safety Board (NRSB). Contractors performing structural alterations or electrical wiring during fan installations must comply with local municipal building and electrical trade permits.

    New Construction

    North Dakota has not enacted a mandatory statewide building code requiring passive or active Radon-Resistant New Construction (RRNC) systems in new residential structures. Building code adoption and enforcement operate under local municipal and county jurisdiction across the state. While individual cities (such as Fargo and Bismarck) may adopt model building standards such as the International Residential Code (IRC) Appendix F at local discretion, there is no universal state mandate forcing homebuilders to install passive sub-slab suction pits or vertical vent pipes.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    According to the EPA Map of Radon Zones, North Dakota is one of the few states in the nation where all 53 counties are designated as EPA Zone 1 (High Potential), indicating predicted average indoor radon screening concentrations exceeding the national action level of 4.0 picocuries per liter of air (pCi/L). State health surveys confirm that over 60 percent of tested North Dakota basements exceed 4.0 pCi/L. The NDDEQ advises property owners to install active mitigation systems if indoor radon levels equal or exceed 4.0 pCi/L, and to consider remediation if levels range between 2.0 and 4.0 pCi/L. For comprehensive regional risk analysis and county classifications, explore our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state’s official public health initiative is the North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality Radon Program, administered under the Division of Waste Management. The program provides educational resources, technical guidance, and distributes free or subsidized short-term radon test kits to North Dakota homeowners while supplies last. Residents can request test kits, access county-level screening data, and review EPA mitigation guidance directly through the NDDEQ Radon Program portal or by contacting the division office at 701-328-5166.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory guide is provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, building code, or engineering counsel. State statutory disclosure requirements and local municipal building codes are subject to legislative amendment. Property buyers, sellers, landlords, and contractors should verify current rules directly with the North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality or a licensed real estate attorney.

    Official Sources: North Dakota Century Code § 47-10-02.2; North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality (Division of Waste Management); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones).

    For national comparative analysis and federal benchmarks, return to our master overview of radon regulations across the United States or inspect the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in Georgia: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in Georgia: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    Georgia operates within a largely voluntary radon regulatory framework, with no state-administered contractor licensing board and no standalone statutory radon disclosure act. However, substantial radon hazards exist in the granitic geology of North Georgia and the metro Atlanta area, which are classified as EPA Zone 1. In real estate transactions, Georgia adheres to common-law principles modified by mandatory disclosure of known latent material defects. The Georgia Department of Public Health (GA DPH) and the University of Georgia (UGA) Radon Program coordinate statewide public education, directing consumers to hire nationally certified NRPP and NRSB professionals.

    Testing Requirements

    Radon testing is completely voluntary for private single-family homeowners, residential landlords, and commercial building owners in Georgia; no state statute mandates indoor air testing. In addition, Georgia has no statutory mandate compelling routine radon testing in public or private K-12 schools, childcare centers, or state-owned buildings. The GA DPH and UGA Extension Radon Program encourage school districts across North Georgia’s Zone 1 counties to conduct voluntary screening during the winter heating months.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Georgia does not have a dedicated Radon Awareness Act. Real estate disclosures operate under Georgia common law: property sellers and licensed brokers have a legal obligation to disclose known material latent defects that could not be discovered by a prospective buyer exercising ordinary due diligence. Standard Georgia Association of Realtors (GAR) Seller’s Property Disclosure Statements include specific questions asking whether the seller is aware of any radon tests, elevated concentrations, or installed mitigation systems on the property.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Georgia does not license or certify radon measurement or mitigation contractors at the state level; the state does not issue radon licenses. General contractors must be licensed by the Georgia State Licensing Board for Residential and General Contractors. For radon services, the GA DPH and UGA Extension officially recommend that property owners hire only contractors credentialed by the National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP) or the National Radon Safety Board (NRSB).

    New Construction

    New construction standards are governed by the Georgia State Minimum Standard One and Two Family Dwelling Code, which adopts the International Residential Code (IRC). In Georgia, Appendix F (Radon Control Methods) is an optional, adoptive appendix rather than a mandatory statewide requirement enforced by the Georgia Department of Community Affairs (DCA). However, individual municipal and county building departments in high-radon North Georgia jurisdictions are authorized to adopt Appendix F locally for new residential construction.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    Georgia exhibits a sharp geological dividing line along the Fall Line:

    • Zone 1 (High Potential, predicted average indoor levels > 4.0 pCi/L): Granitic Piedmont and Appalachian counties in North Georgia and metro Atlanta, including Cherokee, Cobb, DeKalb, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, and Jackson.
    • Zone 2 (Moderate Potential, predicted average 2.0 to 4.0 pCi/L): Upper-central Georgia counties, including Barrow, Clarke, Hall, and Walton.
    • Zone 3 (Low Potential, predicted average < 2.0 pCi/L): Coastal Plain counties across central and south Georgia, including Bibb (Macon), Muscogee (Columbus), Richmond (Augusta), and Chatham (Savannah).

    GA DPH and UGA adhere to the EPA action level of 4.0 pCi/L, strongly advising mitigation for living areas testing at or above 4.0 pCi/L. Explore the full national map on our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state’s educational and testing program is coordinated by the Georgia Department of Public Health (GA DPH) in partnership with the University of Georgia (UGA) Extension Radon Program (radon.uga.edu). Georgia residents can order subsidized test kits through UGA Extension county offices, view county-by-county radon test maps, and access national NRPP/NRSB contractor registries.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory guide is provided for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, building code, or engineering counsel. State building codes and disclosure interpretations are subject to administrative and judicial review. Always consult GA DPH, UGA Extension, or a qualified attorney for site-specific guidance.

    Primary Official Sources: Georgia Department of Public Health (GA DPH); University of Georgia (UGA) Extension Radon Program; Georgia Department of Community Affairs (DCA); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones for Georgia).

    Return to our national guide on Radon Regulations in the United States or inspect national county risk rankings on the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in Virginia: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in Virginia: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    Virginia regulates radon through a unique statutory mechanism that directly codifies national contractor certification into state law, along with mandatory public school testing and real estate disclosures. Under Virginia Code § 32.1-229.01, it is unlawful for any person to conduct commercial radon testing or mitigation unless (i) listed as a professional by NRPP or NRSB, or (ii) meeting other proficiency measures acceptable to EPA or the Board of Health. Virginia law (Va. Code § 22.1-138) mandated historical radon testing across all public school buildings, and the Virginia Residential Property Disclosure Act explicitly advises home purchasers to exercise due diligence regarding radon levels.

    Testing Requirements

    Radon testing in Virginia is voluntary for private residential homeowners and landlords; there is no statutory mandate requiring testing in private residential rental properties. However, under Virginia Code § 22.1-138, each local school board was required by statute to conduct radon testing in all public school buildings constructed prior to July 1, 1994, maintain testing records on file, and report results to the Virginia Department of Health (VDH). While private commercial spaces and childcare centers do not face universal testing mandates, VDH recommends testing every two to five years.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Real estate disclosure is governed by the Virginia Residential Property Disclosure Act (Va. Code §§ 55.1-700 et seq.). Under § 55.1-703, the owner makes no representations with respect to radon gas. However, the mandatory Virginia Residential Property Disclosure Statement explicitly notifies prospective purchasers that the owner makes no representations and formally advises buyers to exercise whatever due diligence they deem necessary, including professional radon testing. If a seller has knowledge of an unmitigated test concentration that represents a known material latent defect, common law disclosure rules apply.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Commercial radon credentialing is governed by Virginia Code § 32.1-229.01. Rather than establishing a separate state agency licensing division, Virginia statute directly codifies national certification: no person shall conduct radon screening, testing, or mitigation for a fee unless certified as proficient by the National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP) or the National Radon Safety Board (NRSB). Practicing commercially in Virginia without an active NRPP or NRSB credential is a violation of state law.

    New Construction

    New construction requirements are governed by the Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code (USBC / 13 VAC 5-63), which incorporates the International Residential Code (IRC) Appendix AF (Radon Control Methods). Appendix AF applies to new residential construction in designated high radon potential jurisdictions (including Zone 1 counties such as Albemarle, Augusta, Chesterfield, Fairfax, Frederick, Loudoun, and Montgomery). In these designated jurisdictions, builders must install passive soil depressurization systems, including gas-permeable gravel, sealed vapor barriers, and rough-in vertical vent pipes through the roof.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    Virginia spans all three EPA Radon Zones across its diverse geological provinces:

    • Zone 1 (High Potential, predicted average indoor levels > 4.0 pCi/L): Piedmont, Blue Ridge, and Valley counties, including Albemarle, Augusta, Botetourt, Chesterfield, Clarke, Culpeper, Fairfax, Frederick, Loudoun, Montgomery, Page, Roanoke, Rockbridge, Rockingham, Shenandoah, Warren, and the City of Winchester.
    • Zone 2 (Moderate Potential, predicted average 2.0 to 4.0 pCi/L): Central counties, including Arlington, Fluvanna, Hanover, Henrico, Prince William, Stafford, and Richmond City.
    • Zone 3 (Low Potential, predicted average < 2.0 pCi/L): Tidewater and Coastal Plain jurisdictions, including Virginia Beach, Norfolk, Chesapeake, Hampton, Newport News, and Accomack.

    VDH enforces the EPA action level of 4.0 pCi/L, advising mitigation whenever living spaces test at or above 4.0 pCi/L. Explore the complete geological map on our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state regulatory and public health authority is the Virginia Department of Health (VDH) — Office of Radiological Health, Radon Program (vdh.virginia.gov/radiological-health/indoor-radon-program/). Virginia residents can order subsidized test kits through VDH-partnered laboratories, obtain educational brochures, and verify national NRPP/NRSB contractor credentials.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory document is provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, building code, or engineering advice. Building codes and statutes are subject to revision by the Virginia General Assembly and the Board of Housing and Community Development. Confirm specific local requirements with local building officials and VDH.

    Primary Official Sources: Virginia Department of Health (VDH) Office of Radiological Health; Virginia Code §§ 32.1-229.01, 22.1-138, 55.1-700 et seq.; Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code (13 VAC 5-63 Appendix AF); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones for Virginia).

    Return to our national guide on Radon Regulations in the United States or inspect national county risk rankings on the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in Washington: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in Washington: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    Washington regulates radon primarily through mandatory building codes in designated high-risk counties and statutory real estate disclosures. Under the Washington State Residential Code (WSRC Appendix F), new residential construction must incorporate passive radon-resistant features across seven designated Zone 1 counties in eastern Washington. In real estate transactions, sellers of residential property must complete a statutory disclosure statement disclosing known radon tests or systems under RCW 64.06.020. The state does not administer an independent radon contractor licensing board, instead directing consumers to national NRPP and NRSB certification registries.

    Testing Requirements

    Radon testing in Washington is entirely voluntary for private single-family homeowners, residential landlords, and commercial property owners. Washington has no statewide statutory mandate compelling testing in private rental properties. In addition, there is no state law requiring routine radon testing in public or private K-12 schools, childcare centers, or state-owned buildings, though the Washington State Department of Health (WA DOH) strongly encourages school districts in high-risk eastern Washington counties to test facilities periodically.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Real estate disclosures in Washington are governed by Revised Code of Washington (RCW) § 64.06.020. Sellers of improved residential real property must complete and deliver the statutory Real Property Transfer Disclosure Statement (Form 17) to prospective buyers. Section 7 (Environmental) explicitly inquires whether the property has any radon gas, whether testing has occurred, and whether any radon mitigation system exists. Delivering false or incomplete statements, or failing to deliver the disclosure, provides buyers statutory rights of rescission within three business days of receipt.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Washington does not maintain a state licensing board or state certification program for radon measurement or mitigation contractors; there is no Washington state radon license. General contractors must be registered with the Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I). For radon proficiency, the WA DOH Radon Program officially advises consumers to hire contractors credentialed by the National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP) or the National Radon Safety Board (NRSB).

    New Construction

    Radon-resistant construction is enforced under the Washington State Residential Code (WSRC / WAC 51-51), which incorporates International Residential Code Appendix F. Radon-resistant new construction (RRNC) is mandatory across seven designated EPA Zone 1 counties in eastern Washington: Clark, Ferry, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Skamania, Spokane, and Stevens. In these counties, all new residential construction must incorporate passive sub-slab depressurization systems, including gas-permeable gravel, sealed vapor barriers, sealed perimeter joints, and a rough-in vertical vent pipe through the roof.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    Washington displays a dramatic geological divide across the Cascade Mountain Range:

    • Zone 1 (High Potential, predicted average indoor levels > 4.0 pCi/L): Clark, Ferry, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Skamania, Spokane, and Stevens counties.
    • Zone 2 (Moderate Potential, predicted average 2.0 to 4.0 pCi/L): Chelan, Douglas, Grant, Kittitas, Klickitat, Lincoln, Walla Walla, Whitman, and Yakima counties.
    • Zone 3 (Low Potential, predicted average < 2.0 pCi/L): Puget Sound and western coastal counties, including King, Pierce, Snohomish, Kitsap, Thurston, and Whatcom.

    WA DOH adheres to the EPA action level of 4.0 pCi/L, strongly advising mitigation for living areas testing at or above 4.0 pCi/L. Explore the state breakdown on our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state’s official radon resource is the Washington State Department of Health (WA DOH) — Radon Program (doh.wa.gov/community-and-environment/contaminants/radon). Washington residents can access educational materials, purchase low-cost test kits through state-partnered laboratories, and look up national NRPP/NRSB contractor registries.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory guide is prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, building code, or engineering counsel. Building codes and administrative interpretations are subject to revision by the State Building Code Council and WA DOH. Consult local building departments or legal counsel for site-specific requirements.

    Primary Official Sources: Washington State Department of Health (WA DOH); Revised Code of Washington § 64.06.020; Washington State Building Code Council (WAC 51-51 Appendix F); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones for Washington).

    Return to our national guide on Radon Regulations in the United States or inspect national county risk rankings on the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in Florida: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in Florida: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    Florida regulates radon through mandatory institutional facility testing, commercial contractor certification, and statutory contract disclosures under Florida Statutes § 404.056. While testing in private homes is voluntary, Florida law mandates radon testing for public and private K-12 schools, state-licensed day care centers and state-owned/operated/regulated 24-hour care facilities in counties designated Intermediate or Elevated Radon Potential on the Florida Radon Protection Map. Furthermore, Florida requires the statutory radon notification on at least one document executed at or before a sale contract or rental agreement, and mandates that all commercial radon testers, mitigators, and laboratories be certified by the Florida Department of Health (FDOH).

    Testing Requirements

    Florida enforces mandatory testing in designated institutional facilities under Fla. Stat. § 404.056(4). All public and private kindergarten through grade 12 schools, state-licensed child care facilities, day care centers, nursing homes, and 24-hour residential care facilities in designated counties must undergo radon testing within one year of opening and repeat testing every five years. Facility administrators must report test results to FDOH. For private single-family homeowners and standard commercial properties, radon testing is voluntary under state law.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Florida law mandates statutory radon disclosure under Fla. Stat. § 404.056(5). Every contract for the sale of residential real property and every residential lease agreement must contain a specific, verbatim notification in conspicuous print explaining the nature of radon gas, noting that levels exceeding federal guidelines have been found in buildings in Florida, and directing parties to the county health department. In addition, under Florida Supreme Court precedent (Johnson v. Davis), sellers have a legal duty to disclose known material latent defects not readily observable by the buyer.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Under Fla. Stat. § 404.056(2) and Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.) Chapter 64E-5 Part XII, anyone performing radon measurement, mitigation, or laboratory analysis for compensation must be certified by the Florida Department of Health. The department certifies Radon Measurement Specialists, Radon Measurement Technicians, Radon Mitigation Specialists, Radon Mitigation Businesses, and Radon Laboratories. Certified professionals must pass state-approved examinations, complete approved continuing education, follow FDOH measurement protocols, and submit monthly activity reports documenting all Florida projects.

    New Construction

    Radon-resistant construction is addressed through the Florida Building Code (FBC) — Residential, Appendix E (Radon Control Methods). Appendix E provides technical construction standards for passive soil depressurization systems in new residential construction. While Appendix E is not applied as a mandatory statewide requirement across all Florida jurisdictions, local building departments in designated counties with elevated radon potential (such as areas near phosphate mining operations) are authorized to enforce Appendix E standards for new construction.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    Florida has an entirely distinct radon profile compared to northern states: there are zero EPA Zone 1 counties in Florida. The state is predominantly classified as EPA Zone 3 (Low Potential, predicted average indoor levels < 2.0 pCi/L). However, a cluster of counties in north-central and central Florida—associated with natural phosphate geological deposits—are classified as Zone 2 (Moderate Potential, 2.0 to 4.0 pCi/L), including Alachua, Citrus, Gilchrist, Hillsborough, Levy, Marion, Polk, and Union counties. FDOH adheres to the EPA action level of 4.0 pCi/L. See county-level details on our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state regulatory program is the Florida Department of Health (FDOH) — Radon and Indoor Air Program (floridahealth.gov/environmental-health/radon/index.html). Property owners can access the certified radon contractor registry, order educational materials, review institutional facility compliance guidelines, or call the FDOH Radon Hotline at (800) 543-8279.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory guide is provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, building code, or medical advice. Statutory mandates and administrative rules are subject to legislative update. Always confirm specific requirements with the Florida Department of Health or qualified legal counsel.

    Primary Official Sources: Florida Department of Health (FDOH) Radon and Indoor Air Program; Florida Statutes § 404.056; Florida Administrative Code Chapter 64E-5 Part XII; Florida Building Code; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones for Florida).

    Return to our national guide on Radon Regulations in the United States or inspect national county risk rankings on the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in Colorado: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in Colorado: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    Colorado has enacted some of the most aggressive radon protection statutes in the United States, extending robust statutory rights to both home buyers and residential tenants. Under Senate Bill 23-206 (C.R.S. §§ 38-35.7-112 and 38-12-803), sellers and residential landlords must provide mandatory statutory radon warning statements, disclose all known test and mitigation records, and provide state educational publications. In rental properties, an unmitigated radon test meeting or exceeding 4.0 pCi/L constitutes a statutory breach of the warranty of habitability, permitting tenants to terminate leases or withhold rent. Furthermore, all radon professionals must hold active state licenses issued by the Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA).

    Testing Requirements

    Testing is voluntary for private single-family homeowners; no state statute mandates that an existing homeowner test their dwelling. However, Colorado law establishes powerful statutory incentives in residential rental properties: if a tenant conducts a test that reveals radon concentrations at or above 4.0 pCi/L and notifies the landlord in writing, the landlord has a statutory deadline to retain a DORA-licensed mitigation contractor to install an active system, or the tenant may terminate the lease without penalty under C.R.S. § 38-12-803. For public schools, testing is voluntary under local school board discretion, supported by Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) technical guidance.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Real estate disclosure in Colorado is among the strictest in the nation. Under C.R.S. § 38-35.7-112 (effective August 7, 2023), every contract for the purchase and sale of residential real property must include a bold, statutory Radon Warning Statement. Sellers must disclose: whether a radon test has occurred; the most recent test concentrations; whether an active mitigation system is installed; and provide the prospective buyer with the most recent CDPHE radon informational publication. Residential landlords are subject to parallel statutory disclosure obligations under C.R.S. § 38-12-803 before signing any lease agreement.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Under House Bill 21-1195 and Colorado Revised Statutes §§ 12-165-101 et seq., commercial radon activity is strictly regulated by the Office of Radon Professionals within the Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA). Performing radon measurement, mitigation, or operating a radon mitigation business for compensation without an active DORA license is unlawful. To obtain a Colorado license, contractors must be certified by the NRPP or NRSB, submit background checks, provide proof of general liability insurance, and adhere to ANSI/AARST national consensus standards.

    New Construction

    Colorado is a home-rule state and does not enforce a single, unified statewide residential building code. Building codes are adopted and enforced locally by individual municipal and county building departments. However, because the entire state has high radon potential, numerous Colorado jurisdictions—including Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Colorado Springs, and Pitkin County—have adopted International Residential Code (IRC) Appendix F, making passive or active radon-resistant new construction (RRNC) mandatory for new residential construction in those jurisdictions.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    Colorado exhibits extraordinary geological radon potential: all 64 counties in Colorado are classified by the EPA as Zone 1 (High Potential), with predicted average indoor screening levels greater than 4.0 pCi/L. Statewide testing data maintained by CDPHE indicates that approximately 50% of all tested homes in Colorado test above the EPA action level. Colorado strictly adheres to the EPA action level of 4.0 pCi/L, and state law incorporates this threshold directly into residential rental habitability standards. Review regional geological context on our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state’s lead public health radon entity is the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) — Radon Program (cdphe.colorado.gov/radon). CDPHE administers a free test kit distribution program for Colorado homeowners (funded by state and federal grants), provides low-income radon mitigation financial assistance programs, and collaborates with DORA to protect consumer interests.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory summary is provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal or engineering advice. Colorado landlord-tenant law, building codes, and licensing rules are subject to legislative amendment. Consult CDPHE, DORA, or a licensed Colorado attorney for specific legal guidance.

    Primary Official Sources: Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE); Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA) Office of Radon Professionals; Colorado Revised Statutes §§ 12-165-101, 38-35.7-112, 38-12-803; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones for Colorado).

    Return to our national guide on Radon Regulations in the United States or inspect national county risk rankings on the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in New Jersey: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in New Jersey: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    New Jersey operates one of the nation’s earliest and most rigorously enforced radon regulatory systems, overseen by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP). It is a criminal offense in New Jersey to test for, mitigate, or analyze radon for pay without NJDEP certification. Under the New Jersey Uniform Construction Code, passive radon-resistant new construction is mandatory in all designated Tier 1 (high hazard) municipalities. In addition, public school buildings and licensed child care centers must undergo mandatory radon testing every five years, and sellers must disclose all known radon test data once a contract of sale is executed.

    Testing Requirements

    Radon testing is mandatory in institutional educational settings across New Jersey. Under N.J.S.A. 18A:20-40, all public school districts must test every school building for radon at least once every five years. In addition, New Jersey Department of Children and Families (DCF) licensing rules mandate that all licensed child care centers test for radon every five years. For private single-family residences, private residential rentals, and general commercial buildings, testing is voluntary under state law, though heavily executed during real estate transactions.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Real estate disclosure in New Jersey is governed by N.J.S.A. 26:2D-73 and standard property disclosure law. Under § 26:2D-73, radon test data and mitigation records are protected by strict statutory confidentiality: certified businesses and the NJDEP are prohibited from disclosing test results to third parties without the owner’s written authorization. However, once a contract of sale is signed, the seller is legally obligated to provide the buyer with all available radon test results and mitigation documentation. Furthermore, the standard New Jersey Seller’s Property Condition Disclosure Statement requires sellers to disclose known radon levels, mitigation systems, and historical test certificates.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Commercial radon activity in New Jersey is strictly governed by N.J.S.A. 26:2D-70 et seq. and New Jersey Administrative Code (N.J.A.C.) 7:28-27. Performing radon testing, mitigation, or laboratory analysis for a fee without NJDEP certification is classified as a crime of the fourth degree, carrying civil penalties and criminal sanctions. NJDEP issues certifications across four primary categories: Radon Measurement Specialist (RMS), Radon Measurement Technician (RMT), Radon Mitigation Specialist (RMS), and Radon Mitigation Business (RMB). Certified mitigators must follow strict NJDEP technical codes and report all measurement and mitigation project data monthly to the state.

    New Construction

    Radon-resistant construction is enforced under the New Jersey Uniform Construction Code (UCC) Radon Hazard Subcode (N.J.A.C. 5:23-10). The subcode categorizes all 564 New Jersey municipalities into Tier 1 (high hazard), Tier 2 (moderate hazard), and Tier 3 (low hazard). All newly constructed residential (Group R) and educational (Group E) buildings in Tier 1 municipalities must install passive radon-resistant features. This includes a 4-inch gas-permeable gravel base, 6-mil poly vapor barrier, sealed expansion joints and sump pits, and a vertical rough-in PVC vent pipe through the roof ready for fan connection if post-construction testing exceeds 4.0 pCi/L.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    New Jersey’s geological radon distribution follows distinct provincial formations:

    • Zone 1 / Tier 1 (High Potential, predicted average indoor levels > 4.0 pCi/L): Northern and west-central counties, including Sussex, Warren, Morris, Hunterdon, Somerset, and Mercer.
    • Zone 2 / Tier 2 (Moderate Potential, predicted average 2.0 to 4.0 pCi/L): Passaic, Bergen, Essex, Union, Middlesex, and Monmouth counties.
    • Zone 3 / Tier 3 (Low Potential, predicted average < 2.0 pCi/L): Coastal Plain southern counties, including Burlington, Camden, Gloucester, Salem, Cumberland, Atlantic, and Cape May.

    NJDEP enforces the EPA national action level of 4.0 pCi/L, strongly advising active mitigation for any living space testing at or above 4.0 pCi/L. Explore the full national picture on our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state regulatory program is the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) — Bureau of Environmental Radiation, Radon Section (dep.nj.gov/radon/). Property owners can verify contractor certifications on the NJDEP online registry, review municipal hazard tier listings, or call the NJDEP Radon Information Line at (800) 648-0394 for test kit assistance.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory document is for informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, building code, or structural engineering advice. Municipal hazard tier classifications and UCC rules are subject to update by NJDEP and the Department of Community Affairs. Consult NJDEP or legal counsel for specific compliance questions.

    Primary Official Sources: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) Radon Section; N.J.S.A. 26:2D-70 et seq., N.J.S.A. 18A:20-40; N.J.A.C. 7:28-27, N.J.A.C. 5:23-10; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones for New Jersey).

    Return to our national guide on Radon Regulations in the United States or inspect national county risk rankings on the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in Nebraska: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in Nebraska: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    Nebraska enforces stringent statutory controls over radon through comprehensive commercial licensing, mandatory real estate disclosures, and statewide building codes. Under the Nebraska Radiation Control Act, all radon measurement and mitigation professionals must be licensed by the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Under the Nebraska Radon-Resistant New Construction Act, all new single-family homes, townhouses, and school buildings built since September 2019 must incorporate passive radon-resistant features. In residential real estate transactions, sellers are statutorily required to complete a detailed property condition disclosure disclosing known radon levels and mitigation history.

    Testing Requirements

    Radon testing in existing residential dwellings is voluntary for private homeowners and landlords in Nebraska. The state does not impose a mandatory testing schedule on private rental units. For public and private schools, the Nebraska DHHS Radon Program offers technical testing protocols and grant assistance; however, routine periodic testing in existing school facilities remains voluntary under local school district authority. Commercial facilities are not subject to mandatory testing under Nebraska state statute.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Real estate disclosures in Nebraska are governed by Nebraska Revised Statutes § 76-2,120. Sellers of residential real property are statutorily required to complete and deliver a written Seller Property Condition Disclosure Statement to prospective buyers before entering into a purchase contract. The disclosure form contains explicit questions regarding radon gas: sellers must disclose whether the dwelling has been tested for radon, the most recent test concentrations, whether copies of test reports are attached, and whether a radon mitigation system is installed and operational. Failure to provide the required disclosure gives buyers legal rights to void the transaction or seek statutory damages.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Under Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 71-3501 to 71-3520 (Radiation Control Act) and Title 180 Nebraska Administrative Code (NAC) Chapter 11, it is illegal to test for or mitigate radon for compensation in Nebraska without an active license issued by DHHS. Nebraska licenses Radon Measurement Specialists, Radon Measurement Technicians, Radon Mitigation Specialists, and Radon Mitigation Businesses. To qualify, applicants must pass national NRPP/NRSB credentialing exams, submit an approved Quality Assurance Plan to DHHS, and fulfill annual continuing education. Licensed businesses must also submit monthly reporting logs to DHHS documenting all testing and mitigation jobs performed in Nebraska.

    New Construction

    Nebraska enforces statewide building standards under the Nebraska Radon-Resistant New Construction Act (Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 76-3501 to 76-3507). All new one- and two-family residential dwellings, townhouses, and new educational buildings constructed after September 1, 2019, must be built using radon-resistant new construction techniques in compliance with IRC Appendix F or ANSI/AARST standard CCAH. Builders must install a gas-permeable layer beneath the slab, a 6-mil polyethylene soil gas retarder, sealed foundation joints, and a continuous vertical PVC vent pipe routed through the roof to allow conversion to an active system if testing reveals elevated radon levels.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    Nebraska features widespread, severe radon potential across its geology: 53 of Nebraska’s 93 counties are classified as EPA Zone 1 (High Potential), where average indoor levels are predicted to exceed 4.0 pCi/L. An additional 24 counties are classified as Zone 2 (Moderate Potential, 2.0 to 4.0 pCi/L), and 16 counties are Zone 3 (Low Potential, < 2.0 pCi/L). Historical testing records published by DHHS show that more than 50% of all homes tested across Nebraska exceed the EPA action level of 4.0 pCi/L. Nebraska adheres strictly to the EPA action level of 4.0 pCi/L. Learn more about county rankings on our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state regulatory and educational authority is the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) — Radon Program (dhhs.ne.gov/Pages/Radon.aspx). Nebraska residents can order subsidized test kits directly through the DHHS website, review county-level test statistics, and verify active state licenses for measurement and mitigation contractors before contracting for services.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory overview is prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, building inspection, or engineering advice. State statutes and administrative codes may be amended by the Nebraska Legislature and DHHS. Always consult Nebraska DHHS or a qualified attorney to address specific property questions.

    Primary Official Sources: Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS); Nebraska Revised Statutes §§ 71-3501 et seq., 76-2,120, 76-3501 to 76-3507; Title 180 NAC 11; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones for Nebraska).

    Return to our national guide on Radon Regulations in the United States or inspect national county risk rankings on the EPA Radon Zone Map.