Tag: Real Estate

  • Radon Laws in Ohio: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in Ohio: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    Ohio enforces a rigorous statutory framework governing radon, featuring mandatory state licensing for all commercial radon professionals and codified residential real estate disclosure. Under Ohio Revised Code (ORC) Chapter 3723, any individual or company performing radon testing, mitigation, or laboratory analysis for compensation must hold an active state license issued by the Ohio Department of Health (ODH). Residential property sellers must disclose known radon hazards under ORC § 5302.30, and contractors who conduct testing and subsequent mitigation on the same building are bound by strict dual-involvement consumer protection disclosures. Furthermore, Ohio’s residential building code mandates passive radon-resistant construction in designated high-risk counties.

    Testing Requirements

    Radon testing is voluntary for private single-family homeowners and residential landlords under Ohio law; the state does not compel property owners to test existing private dwellings. Similarly, Ohio statutes do not impose a universal mandatory testing requirement on public or private K-12 schools, although the Ohio Department of Health actively encourages local school districts to conduct voluntary testing using certified professionals. When testing is performed in commercial transactions or institutional facilities, it must be conducted by an ODH-licensed radon tester or specialist adhering to Ohio Administrative Code (OAC) Chapter 3701-69.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Real estate disclosure is governed under Ohio Revised Code § 5302.30 and the Ohio Department of Commerce Residential Property Disclosure Form. Sellers of residential real property (1 to 4 dwelling units) must complete and deliver the disclosure form to prospective purchasers prior to signing a binding purchase contract. Section E of the statutory form specifically requires the seller to disclose actual knowledge of environmental hazards, including radon gas, past testing reports, and the presence of any active or passive radon mitigation systems. In addition, under ORC § 3723.06, if a licensed professional provides testing or advice and subsequently contracts to perform mitigation on the same property, the mitigation agreement must include a conspicuous written disclosure warning the consumer of this dual role and highlighting the benefits of second opinions and long-term confirmation tests.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Commercial licensing is strictly mandatory in Ohio under ORC Chapter 3723 and OAC Chapter 3701-69. It is unlawful for any person to perform radon testing, offer mitigation services, or operate a radon laboratory for compensation without an active license from the Ohio Department of Health. ODH establishes four distinct license categories: Radon Tester, Radon Mitigation Specialist, Radon Mitigation Contractor, and Radon Laboratory. Applicants must complete approved training courses, pass a national certification examination administered by the NRPP or NRSB, submit comprehensive quality assurance plans, and maintain required commercial liability insurance. Unlicensed practice constitutes a criminal misdemeanor under ORC § 3723.99.

    New Construction

    Radon-resistant new construction is regulated under the Residential Code of Ohio (RCO), administered by the Ohio Board of Building Standards. RCO Appendix F (Radon Control Methods) mandates passive radon control systems—including sub-slab aggregate, 6-mil polyethylene soil-gas retarders, and routed vertical PVC vent pipes—in all new residential dwellings constructed in designated EPA Zone 1 counties. Builders in Zone 1 jurisdictions must install these passive measures during initial framing, providing homeowners with a ready pathway for fan activation if post-occupancy testing reveals elevated concentrations.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    The EPA Map of Radon Zones designates Ohio with extensive EPA Zone 1 (High Potential) coverage across central, southwestern, and northeastern counties—including Franklin (Columbus), Hamilton (Cincinnati), Montgomery (Dayton), and Stark counties—where predicted average screening levels exceed 4.0 pCi/L. Remaining northwestern and southeastern counties fall within Zone 2 (Moderate Potential, 2.0 to 4.0 pCi/L). ODH adopts the national EPA action level of 4.0 pCi/L, advising immediate active mitigation for readings at or above 4.0 pCi/L and recommending mitigation consideration between 2.0 and 4.0 pCi/L. For detailed regional analysis, review our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state regulatory and educational body is the Ohio Department of Health Radon Education and Licensing Program, operating within the Bureau of Environmental Health and Radiation Protection. The program administers professional licensing, conducts field enforcement audits, manages the public registry of licensed contractors, and coordinates public education. Ohio homeowners can order discounted test kits and verify contractor credentials through the official ODH Radon Program website or by calling the licensing bureau at 614-644-2727.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory guide is provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, architectural, or professional engineering advice. Statutory licensing requirements, real estate disclosure mandates, and building codes vary by jurisdiction and are subject to regulatory updates. Real estate buyers, sellers, landlords, and contractors should verify current rules directly with the Ohio Department of Health or legal counsel.

    Official Sources: Ohio Revised Code Chapter 3723, § 5302.30; Ohio Administrative Code Chapter 3701-69; Residential Code of Ohio Appendix F; Ohio Department of Health; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    To evaluate how Ohio compares with other state regulatory models, consult our nationwide guide to radon regulations across the United States or review the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in North Dakota: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in North Dakota: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    North Dakota regulates radon primarily through real estate transaction transparency and environmental public health education rather than direct state contractor licensing. Under North Dakota Century Code § 47-10-02.2, residential real estate sellers must provide written disclosures detailing any known radon concentrations, prior test reports, and existing mitigation systems before signing a purchase agreement. The state does not operate an independent licensing program for radon mitigators or testing specialists, officially directing consumers to nationally certified professionals. Geologically, North Dakota faces exceptionally high radon potential, with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classifying all 53 counties as EPA Zone 1.

    Testing Requirements

    Radon testing is voluntary for private residential homeowners and landlords in North Dakota; the state imposes no statutory mandate requiring testing in existing single-family dwellings or private rental properties. Similarly, North Dakota law does not mandate routine radon testing in public or private K-12 school buildings or licensed commercial childcare facilities. However, the North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality (NDDEQ) strongly encourages testing across all residential buildings, noting that elevated indoor levels are widespread throughout the state due to glacial till deposits containing radium and uranium.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Real estate disclosure is codified under North Dakota Century Code (N.D.C.C.) § 47-10-02.2. Before completing a binding purchase agreement for residential real property, the seller must deliver a written disclosure statement disclosing whether the property has ever been tested for radon gas and the specific results of any such tests. Furthermore, if a radon mitigation system or soil-gas depressurization equipment has been installed on the premises, the seller must disclose its operational status and provide copies of any available inspection records. While the statute requires truthful disclosure of known conditions, it does not compel sellers to conduct new testing prior to closing, leaving testing contingencies to contract negotiations.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    North Dakota has no state licensing requirement for radon measurement technicians or mitigation contractors, per the North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality, verified November 2026. The state maintains no state-administered regulatory board or credentialing registry for radon professionals. Instead, the NDDEQ officially directs homeowners, builders, and real estate professionals to hire contractors certified through the two national proficiency programs recognized by the EPA: the National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP) and the National Radon Safety Board (NRSB). Contractors performing structural alterations or electrical wiring during fan installations must comply with local municipal building and electrical trade permits.

    New Construction

    North Dakota has not enacted a mandatory statewide building code requiring passive or active Radon-Resistant New Construction (RRNC) systems in new residential structures. Building code adoption and enforcement operate under local municipal and county jurisdiction across the state. While individual cities (such as Fargo and Bismarck) may adopt model building standards such as the International Residential Code (IRC) Appendix F at local discretion, there is no universal state mandate forcing homebuilders to install passive sub-slab suction pits or vertical vent pipes.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    According to the EPA Map of Radon Zones, North Dakota is one of the few states in the nation where all 53 counties are designated as EPA Zone 1 (High Potential), indicating predicted average indoor radon screening concentrations exceeding the national action level of 4.0 picocuries per liter of air (pCi/L). State health surveys confirm that over 60 percent of tested North Dakota basements exceed 4.0 pCi/L. The NDDEQ advises property owners to install active mitigation systems if indoor radon levels equal or exceed 4.0 pCi/L, and to consider remediation if levels range between 2.0 and 4.0 pCi/L. For comprehensive regional risk analysis and county classifications, explore our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state’s official public health initiative is the North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality Radon Program, administered under the Division of Waste Management. The program provides educational resources, technical guidance, and distributes free or subsidized short-term radon test kits to North Dakota homeowners while supplies last. Residents can request test kits, access county-level screening data, and review EPA mitigation guidance directly through the NDDEQ Radon Program portal or by contacting the division office at 701-328-5166.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory guide is provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, building code, or engineering counsel. State statutory disclosure requirements and local municipal building codes are subject to legislative amendment. Property buyers, sellers, landlords, and contractors should verify current rules directly with the North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality or a licensed real estate attorney.

    Official Sources: North Dakota Century Code § 47-10-02.2; North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality (Division of Waste Management); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones).

    For national comparative analysis and federal benchmarks, return to our master overview of radon regulations across the United States or inspect the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in Georgia: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in Georgia: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    Georgia operates within a largely voluntary radon regulatory framework, with no state-administered contractor licensing board and no standalone statutory radon disclosure act. However, substantial radon hazards exist in the granitic geology of North Georgia and the metro Atlanta area, which are classified as EPA Zone 1. In real estate transactions, Georgia adheres to common-law principles modified by mandatory disclosure of known latent material defects. The Georgia Department of Public Health (GA DPH) and the University of Georgia (UGA) Radon Program coordinate statewide public education, directing consumers to hire nationally certified NRPP and NRSB professionals.

    Testing Requirements

    Radon testing is completely voluntary for private single-family homeowners, residential landlords, and commercial building owners in Georgia; no state statute mandates indoor air testing. In addition, Georgia has no statutory mandate compelling routine radon testing in public or private K-12 schools, childcare centers, or state-owned buildings. The GA DPH and UGA Extension Radon Program encourage school districts across North Georgia’s Zone 1 counties to conduct voluntary screening during the winter heating months.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Georgia does not have a dedicated Radon Awareness Act. Real estate disclosures operate under Georgia common law: property sellers and licensed brokers have a legal obligation to disclose known material latent defects that could not be discovered by a prospective buyer exercising ordinary due diligence. Standard Georgia Association of Realtors (GAR) Seller’s Property Disclosure Statements include specific questions asking whether the seller is aware of any radon tests, elevated concentrations, or installed mitigation systems on the property.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Georgia does not license or certify radon measurement or mitigation contractors at the state level; the state does not issue radon licenses. General contractors must be licensed by the Georgia State Licensing Board for Residential and General Contractors. For radon services, the GA DPH and UGA Extension officially recommend that property owners hire only contractors credentialed by the National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP) or the National Radon Safety Board (NRSB).

    New Construction

    New construction standards are governed by the Georgia State Minimum Standard One and Two Family Dwelling Code, which adopts the International Residential Code (IRC). In Georgia, Appendix F (Radon Control Methods) is an optional, adoptive appendix rather than a mandatory statewide requirement enforced by the Georgia Department of Community Affairs (DCA). However, individual municipal and county building departments in high-radon North Georgia jurisdictions are authorized to adopt Appendix F locally for new residential construction.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    Georgia exhibits a sharp geological dividing line along the Fall Line:

    • Zone 1 (High Potential, predicted average indoor levels > 4.0 pCi/L): Granitic Piedmont and Appalachian counties in North Georgia and metro Atlanta, including Cherokee, Cobb, DeKalb, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, and Jackson.
    • Zone 2 (Moderate Potential, predicted average 2.0 to 4.0 pCi/L): Upper-central Georgia counties, including Barrow, Clarke, Hall, and Walton.
    • Zone 3 (Low Potential, predicted average < 2.0 pCi/L): Coastal Plain counties across central and south Georgia, including Bibb (Macon), Muscogee (Columbus), Richmond (Augusta), and Chatham (Savannah).

    GA DPH and UGA adhere to the EPA action level of 4.0 pCi/L, strongly advising mitigation for living areas testing at or above 4.0 pCi/L. Explore the full national map on our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state’s educational and testing program is coordinated by the Georgia Department of Public Health (GA DPH) in partnership with the University of Georgia (UGA) Extension Radon Program (radon.uga.edu). Georgia residents can order subsidized test kits through UGA Extension county offices, view county-by-county radon test maps, and access national NRPP/NRSB contractor registries.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory guide is provided for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, building code, or engineering counsel. State building codes and disclosure interpretations are subject to administrative and judicial review. Always consult GA DPH, UGA Extension, or a qualified attorney for site-specific guidance.

    Primary Official Sources: Georgia Department of Public Health (GA DPH); University of Georgia (UGA) Extension Radon Program; Georgia Department of Community Affairs (DCA); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones for Georgia).

    Return to our national guide on Radon Regulations in the United States or inspect national county risk rankings on the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in Washington: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in Washington: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    Washington regulates radon primarily through mandatory building codes in designated high-risk counties and statutory real estate disclosures. Under the Washington State Residential Code (WSRC Appendix F), new residential construction must incorporate passive radon-resistant features across seven designated Zone 1 counties in eastern Washington. In real estate transactions, sellers of residential property must complete a statutory disclosure statement disclosing known radon tests or systems under RCW 64.06.020. The state does not administer an independent radon contractor licensing board, instead directing consumers to national NRPP and NRSB certification registries.

    Testing Requirements

    Radon testing in Washington is entirely voluntary for private single-family homeowners, residential landlords, and commercial property owners. Washington has no statewide statutory mandate compelling testing in private rental properties. In addition, there is no state law requiring routine radon testing in public or private K-12 schools, childcare centers, or state-owned buildings, though the Washington State Department of Health (WA DOH) strongly encourages school districts in high-risk eastern Washington counties to test facilities periodically.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Real estate disclosures in Washington are governed by Revised Code of Washington (RCW) § 64.06.020. Sellers of improved residential real property must complete and deliver the statutory Real Property Transfer Disclosure Statement (Form 17) to prospective buyers. Section 7 (Environmental) explicitly inquires whether the property has any radon gas, whether testing has occurred, and whether any radon mitigation system exists. Delivering false or incomplete statements, or failing to deliver the disclosure, provides buyers statutory rights of rescission within three business days of receipt.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Washington does not maintain a state licensing board or state certification program for radon measurement or mitigation contractors; there is no Washington state radon license. General contractors must be registered with the Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I). For radon proficiency, the WA DOH Radon Program officially advises consumers to hire contractors credentialed by the National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP) or the National Radon Safety Board (NRSB).

    New Construction

    Radon-resistant construction is enforced under the Washington State Residential Code (WSRC / WAC 51-51), which incorporates International Residential Code Appendix F. Radon-resistant new construction (RRNC) is mandatory across seven designated EPA Zone 1 counties in eastern Washington: Clark, Ferry, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Skamania, Spokane, and Stevens. In these counties, all new residential construction must incorporate passive sub-slab depressurization systems, including gas-permeable gravel, sealed vapor barriers, sealed perimeter joints, and a rough-in vertical vent pipe through the roof.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    Washington displays a dramatic geological divide across the Cascade Mountain Range:

    • Zone 1 (High Potential, predicted average indoor levels > 4.0 pCi/L): Clark, Ferry, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Skamania, Spokane, and Stevens counties.
    • Zone 2 (Moderate Potential, predicted average 2.0 to 4.0 pCi/L): Chelan, Douglas, Grant, Kittitas, Klickitat, Lincoln, Walla Walla, Whitman, and Yakima counties.
    • Zone 3 (Low Potential, predicted average < 2.0 pCi/L): Puget Sound and western coastal counties, including King, Pierce, Snohomish, Kitsap, Thurston, and Whatcom.

    WA DOH adheres to the EPA action level of 4.0 pCi/L, strongly advising mitigation for living areas testing at or above 4.0 pCi/L. Explore the state breakdown on our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state’s official radon resource is the Washington State Department of Health (WA DOH) — Radon Program (doh.wa.gov/community-and-environment/contaminants/radon). Washington residents can access educational materials, purchase low-cost test kits through state-partnered laboratories, and look up national NRPP/NRSB contractor registries.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory guide is prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, building code, or engineering counsel. Building codes and administrative interpretations are subject to revision by the State Building Code Council and WA DOH. Consult local building departments or legal counsel for site-specific requirements.

    Primary Official Sources: Washington State Department of Health (WA DOH); Revised Code of Washington § 64.06.020; Washington State Building Code Council (WAC 51-51 Appendix F); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones for Washington).

    Return to our national guide on Radon Regulations in the United States or inspect national county risk rankings on the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in Florida: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in Florida: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    Florida regulates radon through mandatory institutional facility testing, commercial contractor certification, and statutory contract disclosures under Florida Statutes § 404.056. While testing in private homes is voluntary, Florida law mandates radon testing for public and private K-12 schools, state-licensed day care centers and state-owned/operated/regulated 24-hour care facilities in counties designated Intermediate or Elevated Radon Potential on the Florida Radon Protection Map. Furthermore, Florida requires the statutory radon notification on at least one document executed at or before a sale contract or rental agreement, and mandates that all commercial radon testers, mitigators, and laboratories be certified by the Florida Department of Health (FDOH).

    Testing Requirements

    Florida enforces mandatory testing in designated institutional facilities under Fla. Stat. § 404.056(4). All public and private kindergarten through grade 12 schools, state-licensed child care facilities, day care centers, nursing homes, and 24-hour residential care facilities in designated counties must undergo radon testing within one year of opening and repeat testing every five years. Facility administrators must report test results to FDOH. For private single-family homeowners and standard commercial properties, radon testing is voluntary under state law.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Florida law mandates statutory radon disclosure under Fla. Stat. § 404.056(5). Every contract for the sale of residential real property and every residential lease agreement must contain a specific, verbatim notification in conspicuous print explaining the nature of radon gas, noting that levels exceeding federal guidelines have been found in buildings in Florida, and directing parties to the county health department. In addition, under Florida Supreme Court precedent (Johnson v. Davis), sellers have a legal duty to disclose known material latent defects not readily observable by the buyer.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Under Fla. Stat. § 404.056(2) and Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.) Chapter 64E-5 Part XII, anyone performing radon measurement, mitigation, or laboratory analysis for compensation must be certified by the Florida Department of Health. The department certifies Radon Measurement Specialists, Radon Measurement Technicians, Radon Mitigation Specialists, Radon Mitigation Businesses, and Radon Laboratories. Certified professionals must pass state-approved examinations, complete approved continuing education, follow FDOH measurement protocols, and submit monthly activity reports documenting all Florida projects.

    New Construction

    Radon-resistant construction is addressed through the Florida Building Code (FBC) — Residential, Appendix E (Radon Control Methods). Appendix E provides technical construction standards for passive soil depressurization systems in new residential construction. While Appendix E is not applied as a mandatory statewide requirement across all Florida jurisdictions, local building departments in designated counties with elevated radon potential (such as areas near phosphate mining operations) are authorized to enforce Appendix E standards for new construction.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    Florida has an entirely distinct radon profile compared to northern states: there are zero EPA Zone 1 counties in Florida. The state is predominantly classified as EPA Zone 3 (Low Potential, predicted average indoor levels < 2.0 pCi/L). However, a cluster of counties in north-central and central Florida—associated with natural phosphate geological deposits—are classified as Zone 2 (Moderate Potential, 2.0 to 4.0 pCi/L), including Alachua, Citrus, Gilchrist, Hillsborough, Levy, Marion, Polk, and Union counties. FDOH adheres to the EPA action level of 4.0 pCi/L. See county-level details on our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state regulatory program is the Florida Department of Health (FDOH) — Radon and Indoor Air Program (floridahealth.gov/environmental-health/radon/index.html). Property owners can access the certified radon contractor registry, order educational materials, review institutional facility compliance guidelines, or call the FDOH Radon Hotline at (800) 543-8279.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory guide is provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, building code, or medical advice. Statutory mandates and administrative rules are subject to legislative update. Always confirm specific requirements with the Florida Department of Health or qualified legal counsel.

    Primary Official Sources: Florida Department of Health (FDOH) Radon and Indoor Air Program; Florida Statutes § 404.056; Florida Administrative Code Chapter 64E-5 Part XII; Florida Building Code; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones for Florida).

    Return to our national guide on Radon Regulations in the United States or inspect national county risk rankings on the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in Colorado: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in Colorado: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    Colorado has enacted some of the most aggressive radon protection statutes in the United States, extending robust statutory rights to both home buyers and residential tenants. Under Senate Bill 23-206 (C.R.S. §§ 38-35.7-112 and 38-12-803), sellers and residential landlords must provide mandatory statutory radon warning statements, disclose all known test and mitigation records, and provide state educational publications. In rental properties, an unmitigated radon test meeting or exceeding 4.0 pCi/L constitutes a statutory breach of the warranty of habitability, permitting tenants to terminate leases or withhold rent. Furthermore, all radon professionals must hold active state licenses issued by the Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA).

    Testing Requirements

    Testing is voluntary for private single-family homeowners; no state statute mandates that an existing homeowner test their dwelling. However, Colorado law establishes powerful statutory incentives in residential rental properties: if a tenant conducts a test that reveals radon concentrations at or above 4.0 pCi/L and notifies the landlord in writing, the landlord has a statutory deadline to retain a DORA-licensed mitigation contractor to install an active system, or the tenant may terminate the lease without penalty under C.R.S. § 38-12-803. For public schools, testing is voluntary under local school board discretion, supported by Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) technical guidance.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Real estate disclosure in Colorado is among the strictest in the nation. Under C.R.S. § 38-35.7-112 (effective August 7, 2023), every contract for the purchase and sale of residential real property must include a bold, statutory Radon Warning Statement. Sellers must disclose: whether a radon test has occurred; the most recent test concentrations; whether an active mitigation system is installed; and provide the prospective buyer with the most recent CDPHE radon informational publication. Residential landlords are subject to parallel statutory disclosure obligations under C.R.S. § 38-12-803 before signing any lease agreement.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Under House Bill 21-1195 and Colorado Revised Statutes §§ 12-165-101 et seq., commercial radon activity is strictly regulated by the Office of Radon Professionals within the Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA). Performing radon measurement, mitigation, or operating a radon mitigation business for compensation without an active DORA license is unlawful. To obtain a Colorado license, contractors must be certified by the NRPP or NRSB, submit background checks, provide proof of general liability insurance, and adhere to ANSI/AARST national consensus standards.

    New Construction

    Colorado is a home-rule state and does not enforce a single, unified statewide residential building code. Building codes are adopted and enforced locally by individual municipal and county building departments. However, because the entire state has high radon potential, numerous Colorado jurisdictions—including Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Colorado Springs, and Pitkin County—have adopted International Residential Code (IRC) Appendix F, making passive or active radon-resistant new construction (RRNC) mandatory for new residential construction in those jurisdictions.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    Colorado exhibits extraordinary geological radon potential: all 64 counties in Colorado are classified by the EPA as Zone 1 (High Potential), with predicted average indoor screening levels greater than 4.0 pCi/L. Statewide testing data maintained by CDPHE indicates that approximately 50% of all tested homes in Colorado test above the EPA action level. Colorado strictly adheres to the EPA action level of 4.0 pCi/L, and state law incorporates this threshold directly into residential rental habitability standards. Review regional geological context on our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state’s lead public health radon entity is the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) — Radon Program (cdphe.colorado.gov/radon). CDPHE administers a free test kit distribution program for Colorado homeowners (funded by state and federal grants), provides low-income radon mitigation financial assistance programs, and collaborates with DORA to protect consumer interests.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory summary is provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal or engineering advice. Colorado landlord-tenant law, building codes, and licensing rules are subject to legislative amendment. Consult CDPHE, DORA, or a licensed Colorado attorney for specific legal guidance.

    Primary Official Sources: Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE); Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA) Office of Radon Professionals; Colorado Revised Statutes §§ 12-165-101, 38-35.7-112, 38-12-803; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones for Colorado).

    Return to our national guide on Radon Regulations in the United States or inspect national county risk rankings on the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in New Jersey: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in New Jersey: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    New Jersey operates one of the nation’s earliest and most rigorously enforced radon regulatory systems, overseen by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP). It is a criminal offense in New Jersey to test for, mitigate, or analyze radon for pay without NJDEP certification. Under the New Jersey Uniform Construction Code, passive radon-resistant new construction is mandatory in all designated Tier 1 (high hazard) municipalities. In addition, public school buildings and licensed child care centers must undergo mandatory radon testing every five years, and sellers must disclose all known radon test data once a contract of sale is executed.

    Testing Requirements

    Radon testing is mandatory in institutional educational settings across New Jersey. Under N.J.S.A. 18A:20-40, all public school districts must test every school building for radon at least once every five years. In addition, New Jersey Department of Children and Families (DCF) licensing rules mandate that all licensed child care centers test for radon every five years. For private single-family residences, private residential rentals, and general commercial buildings, testing is voluntary under state law, though heavily executed during real estate transactions.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Real estate disclosure in New Jersey is governed by N.J.S.A. 26:2D-73 and standard property disclosure law. Under § 26:2D-73, radon test data and mitigation records are protected by strict statutory confidentiality: certified businesses and the NJDEP are prohibited from disclosing test results to third parties without the owner’s written authorization. However, once a contract of sale is signed, the seller is legally obligated to provide the buyer with all available radon test results and mitigation documentation. Furthermore, the standard New Jersey Seller’s Property Condition Disclosure Statement requires sellers to disclose known radon levels, mitigation systems, and historical test certificates.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Commercial radon activity in New Jersey is strictly governed by N.J.S.A. 26:2D-70 et seq. and New Jersey Administrative Code (N.J.A.C.) 7:28-27. Performing radon testing, mitigation, or laboratory analysis for a fee without NJDEP certification is classified as a crime of the fourth degree, carrying civil penalties and criminal sanctions. NJDEP issues certifications across four primary categories: Radon Measurement Specialist (RMS), Radon Measurement Technician (RMT), Radon Mitigation Specialist (RMS), and Radon Mitigation Business (RMB). Certified mitigators must follow strict NJDEP technical codes and report all measurement and mitigation project data monthly to the state.

    New Construction

    Radon-resistant construction is enforced under the New Jersey Uniform Construction Code (UCC) Radon Hazard Subcode (N.J.A.C. 5:23-10). The subcode categorizes all 564 New Jersey municipalities into Tier 1 (high hazard), Tier 2 (moderate hazard), and Tier 3 (low hazard). All newly constructed residential (Group R) and educational (Group E) buildings in Tier 1 municipalities must install passive radon-resistant features. This includes a 4-inch gas-permeable gravel base, 6-mil poly vapor barrier, sealed expansion joints and sump pits, and a vertical rough-in PVC vent pipe through the roof ready for fan connection if post-construction testing exceeds 4.0 pCi/L.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    New Jersey’s geological radon distribution follows distinct provincial formations:

    • Zone 1 / Tier 1 (High Potential, predicted average indoor levels > 4.0 pCi/L): Northern and west-central counties, including Sussex, Warren, Morris, Hunterdon, Somerset, and Mercer.
    • Zone 2 / Tier 2 (Moderate Potential, predicted average 2.0 to 4.0 pCi/L): Passaic, Bergen, Essex, Union, Middlesex, and Monmouth counties.
    • Zone 3 / Tier 3 (Low Potential, predicted average < 2.0 pCi/L): Coastal Plain southern counties, including Burlington, Camden, Gloucester, Salem, Cumberland, Atlantic, and Cape May.

    NJDEP enforces the EPA national action level of 4.0 pCi/L, strongly advising active mitigation for any living space testing at or above 4.0 pCi/L. Explore the full national picture on our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state regulatory program is the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) — Bureau of Environmental Radiation, Radon Section (dep.nj.gov/radon/). Property owners can verify contractor certifications on the NJDEP online registry, review municipal hazard tier listings, or call the NJDEP Radon Information Line at (800) 648-0394 for test kit assistance.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory document is for informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, building code, or structural engineering advice. Municipal hazard tier classifications and UCC rules are subject to update by NJDEP and the Department of Community Affairs. Consult NJDEP or legal counsel for specific compliance questions.

    Primary Official Sources: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) Radon Section; N.J.S.A. 26:2D-70 et seq., N.J.S.A. 18A:20-40; N.J.A.C. 7:28-27, N.J.A.C. 5:23-10; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones for New Jersey).

    Return to our national guide on Radon Regulations in the United States or inspect national county risk rankings on the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in Massachusetts: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in Massachusetts: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    Massachusetts regulates radon primarily through targeted building code mandates in high-risk counties, while maintaining a voluntary framework for contractor licensing and private home testing. Under the Massachusetts State Building Code (780 CMR), new residential construction must incorporate passive radon-resistant features strictly in three designated EPA Zone 1 counties: Essex, Middlesex, and Worcester. Massachusetts does not maintain an independent state radon licensing board, officially pointing consumers to national NRPP and NRSB certification registries. In real estate transactions, the commonwealth relies on standard property disclosure statements and contractual home inspection contingencies rather than a standalone Radon Awareness Act.

    Testing Requirements

    Radon testing in Massachusetts is entirely voluntary for private homeowners, landlords, and commercial property owners. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts does not mandate routine radon testing in private residential rental properties, nor does it impose a statutory requirement for regular radon screening in public or private K-12 schools, daycare facilities, or municipal government buildings. The Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) strongly urges property owners and school administrators to test indoor spaces voluntarily, particularly during the winter heating months when soil gases accumulate indoors.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Massachusetts is historically a caveat emptor (“buyer beware”) state, modified by common law and consumer protection statutes (M.G.L. c. 93A). The commonwealth does not have a standalone radon disclosure statute. However, real estate licensees and sellers cannot engage in deceptive practices or knowingly conceal known material latent defects. Standard Massachusetts Association of Realtors (MAR) property condition disclosure statements include specific questions inquiring whether the seller has performed a radon test, possesses test reports, or has installed an operational mitigation system. Buyers routinely negotiate radon testing as part of standard home purchase inspection contingencies.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Massachusetts has no state licensing or credentialing program for radon measurement or mitigation contractors; the commonwealth does not issue state radon licenses. Instead, the MDPH Radon Assessment Program officially recognizes and points residents to the two national credentialing bodies: the National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP) and the National Radon Safety Board (NRSB). The state health department advises homeowners to hire only contractors who maintain active certification with one of these national organizations and hold standard Massachusetts Home Improvement Contractor (HIC) registration if performing structural modifications.

    New Construction

    New construction requirements are governed by the Massachusetts State Building Code (780 CMR, adopting International Residential Code Appendix F). Under 780 CMR, passive radon-resistant new construction (RRNC) techniques are mandatory strictly in Massachusetts’ three EPA Zone 1 counties: Essex, Middlesex, and Worcester. In newly built one- and two-family dwellings within these counties, builders must install sub-slab gas-permeable aggregate, a sealed vapor retarder, sealed foundation perimeters, and a dedicated 3- or 4-inch vertical vent pipe extending from beneath the slab through the roof. In Massachusetts’ remaining eleven counties, RRNC remains optional unless adopted by local municipal ordinance.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    Massachusetts encompasses all three EPA Radon Zones across its fourteen counties:

    • Zone 1 (High Potential, predicted average indoor levels > 4.0 pCi/L): Essex, Middlesex, and Worcester counties.
    • Zone 2 (Moderate Potential, predicted average 2.0 to 4.0 pCi/L): Berkshire, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, and Norfolk counties.
    • Zone 3 (Low Potential, predicted average < 2.0 pCi/L): Barnstable (Cape Cod), Bristol, Dukes (Martha’s Vineyard), Nantucket, Plymouth, and Suffolk counties.

    MDPH adheres to the EPA action level of 4.0 pCi/L, advising that mitigation systems be installed when test results meet or exceed 4.0 pCi/L and encouraging mitigation consideration for levels between 2.0 and 4.0 pCi/L. Explore the complete geological context on our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The state’s official program is the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) Bureau of Climate and Environmental Health — Radon Assessment Program (mass.gov/radon-assessment-program). Massachusetts residents can contact the MDPH Radon Hotline at (800) 723-6681 to obtain technical guidance, purchase low-cost test kits through state-contracted laboratories, and verify certified national contractor rosters.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory guide is provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, architectural, or public health advice. Regulatory requirements are subject to revision by the Massachusetts Board of Building Regulations and Standards and the Department of Public Health. Always confirm current rules with local building officials and official state sources.

    Primary Official Sources: Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) Radon Assessment Program; Massachusetts State Building Code (780 CMR Appendix F); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones for Massachusetts).

    Return to our national guide on Radon Regulations in the United States or inspect national county risk rankings on the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Laws in Minnesota: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Radon Laws in Minnesota: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    The Short Answer

    Minnesota maintains some of the most comprehensive radon protection statutes in the United States, actively regulating radon across residential sales, professional licensing, and building construction. Under the Minnesota Radon Awareness Act, home sellers must deliver a formal written disclosure, statutory warning, and state educational guide before signing purchase contracts. Since 2019, under the Minnesota Radon Licensing Act, anyone performing radon measurement, mitigation, or analysis for compensation must hold an active license from the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) and affix a serialized state tag to every mitigation system. Furthermore, passive radon-resistant new construction is mandatory statewide for all new residential construction.

    Testing Requirements

    Radon testing is voluntary for private single-family homeowners and residential landlords in Minnesota; there is no statutory mandate compelling an existing homeowner or rental property owner to test indoor air. However, under Minnesota Statutes § 123B.571, school districts that receive Long-Term Facilities Maintenance revenue and choose to test for radon must adhere strictly to MDH testing protocols, test every public school building at least once every five years, report all measurement data to MDH, and present test results at a public school board meeting. Testing in private commercial buildings remains voluntary under state law.

    Real-Estate Disclosure

    Real estate transactions in Minnesota are governed by the Minnesota Radon Awareness Act (Minn. Stat. § 144.496). Prior to signing a purchase agreement, the seller must deliver a formal written disclosure stating: whether a radon test has occurred; the most recent test concentrations; a description of any installed radon mitigation system; and whether an active mitigation system is operational. The seller must also provide the buyer with a mandatory statutory Radon Warning Statement and the MDH brochure titled Radon in Real Estate Transactions. Under § 144.496, Subd. 7, a buyer who is not provided the required disclosure and suffers damages may bring a civil action against the seller within two years of closing.

    Mitigator & Tester Certification

    Under the Minnesota Radon Licensing Act (Minn. Stat. § 144.4961) and Minnesota Rules Chapter 4620, it is unlawful to test for, mitigate, or analyze radon for pay without an active credential issued by MDH. The state licenses four categories: Radon Measurement Professionals, Radon Mitigation Professionals, Radon Mitigation Companies, and Radon Analysis Laboratories. In addition to rigorous initial training, exams, and annual continuing education, licensed mitigators are required to purchase and attach an official, serialized MDH system tag to each active or passive radon reduction system installed, repaired, or inspected in Minnesota, and report system installations monthly to MDH.

    New Construction

    Minnesota enforces mandatory passive radon-resistant new construction (RRNC) statewide under Minnesota Statutes § 326B.106 and Minnesota Rules Chapter 1309, which incorporates Appendix F of the International Residential Code (IRC). Every newly constructed single-family home, duplex, and townhouse built in Minnesota must feature passive radon control methods. Required elements include a continuous gas-permeable sub-slab layer (clean aggregate or sand), a minimum 6-mil polyethylene soil gas retarder with taped seams, sealed foundation joints and sump basins, and a dedicated, rough-in vertical vent pipe extending through the roof to permit easy fan activation if elevated radon levels are detected post-occupancy.

    Radon Zones & the Action Level

    Minnesota is categorized by the EPA as having exceptionally high geological radon potential: 72 of Minnesota’s 87 counties are designated as EPA Zone 1 (High Potential), where average indoor screening levels are predicted to exceed 4.0 pCi/L. The remaining 15 counties (predominantly along the northeastern Arrowhead region) are designated as Zone 2 (Moderate Potential, 2.0 to 4.0 pCi/L). There are zero Zone 3 counties in Minnesota. MDH enforces the EPA national action level of 4.0 pCi/L, strongly advising installation of an active mitigation system whenever living spaces test at or above 4.0 pCi/L, and recommending consideration of mitigation between 2.0 and 4.0 pCi/L. For detailed regional geological maps, see our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    The State’s Radon Program

    The official state radon authority is the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) Indoor Air Unit — Radon Program (health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/air/radon/). Minnesota residents can purchase discounted test kits directly through MDH partnerships with local public health agencies or commercial laboratory vendors linked on the MDH website. Property owners can also access the official, real-time public registry of MDH-licensed radon measurement and mitigation professionals.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory summary is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, building code, or environmental engineering advice. Requirements are subject to administrative rulemaking and legislative updates. Consult the Minnesota Department of Health or a qualified real estate attorney for site-specific compliance.

    Primary Official Sources: Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) Indoor Air Unit; Minnesota Statutes §§ 144.496, 144.4961, 326B.106, 123B.571; Minnesota Rules Chapter 4620; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Map of Radon Zones for Minnesota).

    Return to our national guide on Radon Regulations in the United States or inspect national county risk rankings on the EPA Radon Zone Map.

  • Radon Regulations in the United States: How State Laws Differ

    Radon Regulations in the United States: How State Laws Differ

    In the United States, radon regulation is defined by a striking contrast: while federal public health agencies establish scientific risk baselines and national testing benchmarks, legal authority to mandate testing, mitigation, or building standards rests entirely with state and local jurisdictions. Because the federal government imposes no universal radon mandate on private residential property, homeowners, home buyers, and real estate professionals must navigate a fragmented patchwork of state statutes, health department administrative rules, and municipal building codes.

    The Federal EPA Framework

    The foundation of U.S. radon policy was codified under the Indoor Radon Abatement Act of 1988 (15 U.S.C. §§ 2661–2671), which established the long-term national goal that indoor air across the United States should be as free of radon as ambient outdoor air (approximately 0.4 picocuries per liter of air, or pCi/L). To provide actionable guidance for property owners and policymakers, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established a national recommended action level of 4.0 pCi/L. If indoor radon levels meet or exceed 4.0 pCi/L, the EPA strongly advises installing an active soil depressurization or mitigation system; for levels between 2.0 and 4.0 pCi/L, the agency suggests considering mitigation to further reduce lung cancer risk.

    To assist national, state, and local governments in targeting resources and adopting building codes, the EPA developed the Map of Radon Zones, categorizing every county in the nation into three risk categories:

    • Zone 1 (High Potential): Predicted average indoor screening levels greater than 4.0 pCi/L.
    • Zone 2 (Moderate Potential): Predicted average indoor screening levels between 2.0 and 4.0 pCi/L.
    • Zone 3 (Low Potential): Predicted average indoor screening levels less than 2.0 pCi/L.

    Crucially, federal law establishes guidelines, technical protocols, and state indoor radon grant funding, but creates no federal requirement for individual homeowners to test or mitigate existing dwellings. For detailed geographical analysis of county risk tiers across the nation, consult our EPA Radon Zone Map guide.

    Four Dimensions Where State Laws Differ

    Because federal oversight ends with advisory guidelines, states have legislated radon risk across four distinct regulatory dimensions:

    1. Real Estate Disclosure Laws

    Real estate transactions represent the most common commercial pressure point for radon testing. State disclosure laws fall into three general categories:

    • Statutory Awareness Acts: States like Minnesota (Minn. Stat. § 144.496) and Colorado (SB 23-206) require sellers (and in Colorado, residential landlords) to provide formal written disclosure forms, distribute official state health department educational publications, disclose all historical test records, and incorporate statutory health warning statements into contracts before execution.
    • Standard Property Condition Disclosures: States such as Nebraska (Neb. Rev. Stat. § 76-2,120), New Jersey, and Washington (RCW 64.06.020) include specific radon questions on mandatory property condition statements, obligating sellers to disclose known test data or installed mitigation systems.
    • Caveat Emptor / Common Law States: States like Massachusetts and Georgia lack radon-specific disclosure statutes, relying instead on common-law prohibitions against active fraud or concealment of known material latent defects, leaving testing to purchase contract inspection contingencies.

    2. Mitigator and Tester Credentialing

    Consumer protection standards for commercial radon professionals vary widely across state lines:

    • Independent State Licensing Boards: States including Minnesota (MDH), New Jersey (NJDEP), Colorado (DORA), Florida (FDOH), and Nebraska (DHHS) mandate comprehensive state licenses or certifications. In these states, performing measurement, mitigation, or laboratory analysis for compensation without an active state credential is a statutory violation. Minnesota further mandates that every installed system carry a serialized state tracking tag.
    • Statutory National Board Adoption: Virginia (Va. Code § 32.1-229.01) makes commercial testing or mitigation unlawful without active proficiency certification from national boards—specifically the National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP) or the National Radon Safety Board (NRSB)—without maintaining an independent state credentialing bureaucracy.
    • Voluntary / Unregulated States: Jurisdictions such as Massachusetts, Washington, and Georgia operate no state credentialing programs, directly pointing consumers and building officials to the NRPP and NRSB national rosters.

    3. Institutional and School Testing Mandates

    While testing in existing single-family homes is universally voluntary for private owners, several states mandate routine monitoring in sensitive institutional facilities:

    • Mandatory School and Childcare Testing: Florida (F.S. § 404.056) mandates testing across all public/private K-12 schools, state-licensed daycares, and 24-hour care facilities in designated counties. New Jersey (N.J.S.A. 18A:20-40) mandates testing in public school buildings and licensed child care centers every five years. Virginia (Va. Code § 22.1-138) mandated historical baseline testing of all public schools with ongoing reporting to the health department.
    • Voluntary School Frameworks: In Minnesota, Nebraska, Colorado, Massachusetts, Washington, and Georgia, testing in existing school buildings is conducted voluntarily by local school boards, often utilizing state health department grants or national ANSI/AARST testing protocols.

    4. Radon-Resistant New Construction (RRNC) Building Codes

    Radon-resistant new construction techniques—such as passive soil-gas collection layers, vapor retarders, vertical PVC vent pipes, and sealed foundation perimeters—are enforced through building code adoptions:

    • Statewide Mandatory RRNC: Minnesota mandates passive radon control statewide across all new residential construction via Minnesota Statutes § 326B.106 and International Residential Code (IRC) Appendix F. Nebraska mandates passive RRNC in new residential and educational buildings built after September 1, 2019 (Neb. Rev. Stat. § 76-3501).
    • County-Specific / High-Risk Mandates: Massachusetts (780 CMR Appendix F) enforces mandatory passive RRNC strictly within EPA Zone 1 counties (Essex, Middlesex, and Worcester). Washington (WSRC Appendix F) mandates passive RRNC across seven designated Zone 1 counties. New Jersey (N.J.A.C. 5:23-10) enforces the Radon Hazard Subcode in designated Tier 1 municipalities.
    • Locally Adopted or Voluntary Codes: In Virginia and Georgia, RRNC enforcement depends on local municipal code adoptions or voluntary builder adherence to EPA architectural standards.

    State Radon Laws: Wave 2A Comparison Table

    The table below summarizes the core statutory mechanisms, credentialing standards, and disclosure rules across the top nine state jurisdictions evaluated in Wave 2A. Click any state guide for complete statutory citations, administrative rules, and state program contacts.

    State Primary Statutory / Regulatory Authority Professional Credential Requirement Real Estate Disclosure Rule State Guide
    Minnesota Minn. Stat. §§ 144.496, 144.4961; Minn. Rules Ch. 4620 Mandatory MDH state license + system tagging Mandatory written disclosure, warning statement & MDH guide Radon Laws in Minnesota: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Massachusetts 780 CMR (State Building Code); MDPH Public Health Law Voluntary (MDPH refers to NRPP / NRSB) Common law defect disclosure; contractual inspection Radon Laws in Massachusetts: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Nebraska Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 71-3501, 76-2,120, 76-3501; Title 180 NAC 11 Mandatory DHHS state license + monthly reports Mandatory Seller Property Condition Disclosure Statement Radon Laws in Nebraska: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    New Jersey N.J.S.A. 26:2D-70 et seq.; N.J.A.C. 7:28-27; N.J.A.C. 5:23-10 Mandatory NJDEP state certification Mandatory property disclosure + statutory confidentiality (§ 26:2D-73) Radon Laws in New Jersey: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Colorado SB 23-206; HB 21-1195; C.R.S. §§ 12-165-101, 38-35.7-112, 38-12-803 Mandatory DORA state license Mandatory sales & lease disclosure + statutory tenant remedies Radon Laws in Colorado: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Florida Fla. Stat. § 404.056; F.A.C. Chapter 64E-5 Part XII Mandatory FDOH state certification Mandatory verbatim statutory notification on all sales and leases Radon Laws in Florida: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Washington RCW 64.06.020; Washington State Residential Code App. F Voluntary (WA DOH refers to NRPP / NRSB) Mandatory Seller Disclosure Statement for improved residential Radon Laws in Washington: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Virginia Va. Code §§ 32.1-229.01, 22.1-138, 55.1-703; USBC App. AF NRPP or NRSB listing required by statute (or other EPA/Board-accepted proficiency measures); no separate Virginia license Residential Property Disclosure Statement advises buyer testing Radon Laws in Virginia: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Georgia Georgia Public Health Authority; UGA Extension Educational Program Voluntary (GA DPH refers to NRPP / NRSB) Common law latent defect disclosure; contractual due diligence Radon Laws in Georgia: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    North Dakota N.D.C.C. § 47-10-02.2; NDDEQ Radiation Control Rules Voluntary (NDDEQ refers to NRPP / NRSB) Mandatory written disclosure of known radon tests & mitigation systems (§ 47-10-02.2) Radon Laws in North Dakota: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Ohio ORC Chapter 3723; OAC Chapter 3701-69; RCO App. F; ORC § 5302.30 Mandatory ODH state license (Tester, Mitigator, Lab) Mandatory Residential Property Disclosure Form + dual-role notice (§ 3723.06) Radon Laws in Ohio: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Kentucky KRS §§ 211.9101–211.9135; 902 KAR 95:040; KRS § 324.360 Mandatory KDPH registration + NRPP or NRSB certification Mandatory Seller’s Disclosure of Property Condition (KREC) Radon Laws in Kentucky: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Vermont 18 V.S.A. § 104b; Act 72 (School Testing); VDH Health Regulations Voluntary (VDH refers to NRPP / NRSB) Common law defect disclosure; contractual inspection contingencies Radon Laws in Vermont: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Michigan MCL §§ 565.951–565.966; Michigan Residential Code App. F Voluntary (EGLE refers to NRPP / NRSB) Mandatory Seller’s Disclosure Statement (MCL § 565.957) Radon Laws in Michigan: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Connecticut CGS §§ 20-420, 10-220(d), 20-327b; DPH Public Health Code Mandatory DCP registration as Home Improvement Contractor + NRPP/NRSB Mandatory Residential Property Condition Disclosure Report (§ 20-327b) Radon Laws in Connecticut: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Wisconsin Wis. Stat. Chapter 709; SPS Chapter 321 (Uniform Dwelling Code) Voluntary (DHS refers to NRPP / NRSB) Mandatory Real Estate Condition Report (Wis. Stat. § 709.02) Radon Laws in Wisconsin: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Montana Montana Radon Control Act, MCA §§ 75-3-601–75-3-607 Voluntary (DEQ refers to NRPP / NRSB) Mandatory signed statutory radon warning disclosure & test records (MCA § 75-3-606) Radon Laws in Montana: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    North Carolina NCGS §§ 47E-1–47E-10; NCREC Real Estate Commission Rules; NCDHHS Voluntary (NCDHHS refers to NRPP / NRSB) Mandatory Residential Property Disclosure Statement (RPOADS) + broker duty to disclose ≥ 4.0 pCi/L Radon Laws in North Carolina: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Utah Utah Code Title 58 (DOPL Rule R156-55a); Utah Code § 57-1-1 et seq. Mandatory DOPL S354 Specialty License + NRPP/NRSB credential (radon mitigation only) Standard Seller’s Property Condition Disclosure (buyer due diligence) Radon Laws in Utah: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    West Virginia W. Va. Code §§ 16-34-1–16-34-14; 64 CSR 78; W. Va. Code § 36E-1-1 Mandatory OEHS state license (Radon Mitigator, Tester, Lab) Mandatory Property Condition Disclosure + statutory test confidentiality (§ 16-34-9) Radon Laws in West Virginia: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Tennessee TCA §§ 66-5-201–66-5-210; TDEC Sustainable Practices Radon Program Voluntary (TDEC refers to NRPP / NRSB) Mandatory Tennessee Residential Property Condition Disclosure (TCA § 66-5-212) Radon Laws in Tennessee: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules
    Idaho Idaho Code §§ 55-2501–55-2518; IDHW Indoor Radon Program Voluntary (IDHW refers to NRPP / NRSB) Mandatory Seller’s Property Condition Disclosure Form (§ 55-2504) Radon Laws in Idaho: Testing, Disclosure & Mitigation Rules

    Accessing Official State Programs and Test Kits

    Every state health department maintains a designated radon program or radiation control coordinator supported by federal State Indoor Radon Grants (SIRG). Residents seeking to test their dwellings can obtain subsidized, low-cost short-term and long-term test kits directly through state health agency links or authorized university extension services. Property owners seeking professional mitigation should independently verify contractor credentials through either their state licensing division (in mandatory licensing states) or via the official registries maintained by the National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP) and the National Radon Safety Board (NRSB).

    For additional architectural and geological context on how soil gas potential impacts local property values and building performance, consult our national EPA Radon Zone Map.

    Sources & Limits

    This regulatory hub is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal, real estate, or engineering advice. Statutory disclosure requirements, professional licensing standards, and building codes vary by state and local municipality and are subject to legislative amendment. Property buyers, sellers, landlords, and contractors should verify current rules directly with their respective state health department radon programs or qualified legal counsel.

    Primary Official Sources: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Indoor Radon Abatement Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 2661–2671; EPA Map of Radon Zones), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and official state health department radon programs across all fifty states.